Science & Technology Review CONTENTS

Vol.28  No.1  2010

Semimonthly (Established 1980)

(Sum No. 295)    This issue published on 13. Jan., 2010

Forward

3  Talking about Life Value with Young Scientists

NI Weidou

Cover Story

8  Chinese Science to Go up New Stage

CHEN Guangren

News Round

9  Expecting Chinese Science and Technology to Achieve Breakthrough

YANG Shujuan

Events

11　70 Rejected Papers Arousing Scientific Academia an Argument about Academic Dishonorable Behavior at the end of 2009 Again

LI Na

Suggestion

18  Policy Suggestions of Constructing Ecological Technology Paradigm

HUANG Tao

Special to S&T Review

19  Important Advances of Science, Technology and Engineering in China in 2009

SU Qing, ZHU Yu, DAI Li, YUE Chen

Articles

30  Copper Ion on the Photo-catalytic Properties of TiO2

LI Lingling, ZHANG Yangde, ZHAO Jinfeng, LI Jian,

CUI Haixin, LUO Hao, PAN Yifeng

Abstract   Nanometer TiO2 and Cu2+/TiO2 composite material was prepared by the sol-gel method. During the process of preparing the antibacterial  TiO2  and  Cu2+/TiO2, with various contents of Ti(SO4)2 and copper ion, a series of TiO2 sol and Cu2+/TiO2 sol were obtained. They were characterized with the laser diffraction particle size analyzer, XRD and TEM. The results show that the size of TiO2 grains ranges in 3.9~97.9nm, with an effective diameter of 63.6nm and a polydispersity of 0.222. The effective diameter of Cu2+/TiO2 is 58.4nm, with the polydispersity of 0.237. The TiO2  was anatase, and the diameter of Cu2+/TiO2 sol is slightly smaller than that of TiO2, but the performance against photodegradation may be better than TiO2  sol. TiO2 and Cu2+/TiO2  are compared by the catalytic degradation of methyl blue to see the impact of the polymerize reaction time, surfactant, light source, Cu2+/TiO2 film and the concentration of copper ion on the photo-catalytic of TiO2. Our experiments show that Cu2+/TiO2  sol has better photocatalytic activity than TiO2 sol, with the optimal concentration of copper ion of 0.5%.

Keywords   nanometer;  titania;  photocatalysis;  ion doping;  methylene blue

35  Synthesis and Characterization of Coumarin-3-Carboxylic Acid Eugenol Ester and Its Use in Cigarette as a Flavor

XU Cuilian, LIU Shanyu, YANG Guoyu, JI Xiaoming,

FAN Sufang, WAN Zhengkai

Abstract   In order to develop a new cigarette flavor precursor, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid eugenol ester was synthesized from coumarin-3-carboxylic acid and eugenol. The structure of the title compound was characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, HRMS and thermal analysis. The pyrolysis products were identified by means of pyrolysis-GC/MS, and the effect of the title compound on the flavor of cigarettes by smoking was evaluated. The results show that: (1) 22 compounds were identified at 600℃, and most of them were alkenes, alkanes, acids, and phenolic substances; (2) eugenol was identified, indicating that coumarin-3-carboxylic acid eugenol ester can release a certain amount of eugenol at the smoke temperature; (3) eugenol coumarin-3-carboxylic acid ester can improve and modify the flavor, enhance the notes of sweet aroma and bean aroma., and reduce the biting taste of cigarette smoke. Therefore, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid eugenol ester can be used in cigarette as an excellent flavor precursor.

Keywords   coumarin-3-carboxylic acid eugenol ester; cigarette; flavor

40  Karyotype Analysis of Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz

LI Yu, LIN Haiming, CHENG Weidong

Abstract   The Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz. is a perennial herb. No reports have been seen in literature about the karyotype analysis of Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz. To study the evolution, identification and fine seeds selection through Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz. chromosome number and karyotype, the common (slice-making) method combined with micrograph was used to obtain the chromosome number and karyotype of Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz.. The results show that the fukanensis is diploid, and the chromosome number of somatic cells is 2n=14. The karyotype formula is 2n=2x=14=10m+4sm,  where the 4th and 7th are submetacentric, and the others are metacentric. Its index of asymmetry is 60.45%. The karyotype of Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz is of "2A" type of stebbins, and it is a primitive species. This study provides a scientific basis for identification of the Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz. and Astragalus membranaceus.

Keywords   Hedysarun polybotrys Hands.-Mazz.; chromosome number; karyotypes analysis

44  RAW264.7 Cell Induced Differentiation and Identification

BAI Shengbin, ZHONG Jinjie, CHEN Hongxiang,

TANG Li, ZHANG Yalou, LIU Kaitai, LUO Xuegang

Abstract   This paper studies the identification method by inducing RAW264.7 into osteoclast, to find the best procedure, for in vitro functional researches, as a preferable preosteoclast model in respect of its osteoclast characteristic gene expression profile. The inoculate RAW264.7 in 96 well plates, cultured with the bone ground section, of a concentration of 100ng/mL, was used to induce mouse sRANKL for 10 days, which was then examined with respect to morphology and functional identification and detection, using HE staining, Toluidine Blue staining, TRAP staining and SEM observation. It is concluded that with the increase of the induced time, the number of polykaryocyte cells and the amount of Howship's lacuna increase. Among all kinds of methods of identification, HE staining and Toluidine Blue staining are simple but not reliable; the SEM observation is accurate , but complex; and TRAP staining is accurate and shows strong specificity, but is expensive. The results show that the TRAP staining is the best method in view of morphology identification, SEM observation is the best method in view of functional identification. RANKL can induce RAW264.7 cell into mature osteoclast for morphology and functional identification and detection, which can serve as a basis for our future experimental research about mature osteoclast.

Keywords   RAW264.7; induction; identification

48  Expression and Significance of PTEN in Hazak's Esophageal Cancer

GUO Wenjia, WANG Hongjiang, LI Hui, PANG Zuoliang,

CHEN Yan, LIU Ling, LI Xiumei, LI Huiwu

Abstract   To study the significance of apoptosis-related gene PTEN in Hazak's esophageal cancer, the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blotting are adopted. The expression of PTEN gene mRNA is detected in 36 cases of esophageal cancer tissues and tumor-adjacent normal tissues by RT-PCR. Then the expression of PTEN  protein is detected in some samples with difference in transcriptional level by Western-blotting. Results show that the overall positive rate of PTEN gene mRNA expression in the 36 cases of esophageal cancer tissues is 83.33%, and that in tumor-adjacent normal tissues is 25%. The expression of PTEN protein level in tumor tissue sees no difference as compared with tumor-adjacent tissue. It is suggested that the abnormal expression of PTEN gene affects the occurrence of Hazak's esophageal cancer mainly in the transcriptional level, which warrants a further study.

Keywords   Hazak's esophageal cancer; PTEN gene; RT-PCR

51  An Approach to Improve the Performance of Long Period Fiber Grating Bio-layer Sensor

CHEN Jianjun, HAMIT Murat, HU Yanting,

SUN Jing, KONG Dewei, AXIMU Aikerem

Abstract   According to the Coupling Mode Theory(CMT) and the simplified three-layered model of the step-index single mode optical fiber, the variation of the bioactive layer refractive index may be used to detect whether the corresponding antigen is in blood by coating an idiosyncratic bioactive layer on the cladding of Long Period fiber Gratings (LPG). The results show that, with the introduction of chirp in LPG, the sensitivity of the resonant wavelength shift is improved, but the peak of transmission intensity is lowered. With the further increase of chirp, the peak of transmission intensity varies little and the resonant wavelength shift becomes more sensitive. The variation of wavelength shift is decreased gradually when the chirp reaches a certain magnitude. Silicious layer is used as fundus layer since its refractive index is much the same as that of antigen and antibody. The thickness of fundus layer is about 120nm, which amounts to the ideal linear scale of wavelength shift for better measurements.

Keywords   long period fiber grating; bio-layer sensor; chirp; resonant wavelengs

55  Microbial Leaching Desulphurization of Coal Wastes in Natural Conditions

DU Shanzhou, BI Yinli, LIU Bohui, LI Qiang, WANG Zehui

Abstract   The treatment of coal wastes in coal mine areas is a difficult issue. A strain of chemolitho autotrophic sulfur oxidizing bacteria was isolated from coal wastes in the lab to study its desulphurization effects on coal wastes coming from Dawukou coal mine areas. The pole leaching experiment was conducted in natural conditions. The results show that the microbe can promote sulfur oxidation in the coal wastes. It also can reduce the pH value and increase electricity conductivity (EC) in the leaching solution. The iron was emerged from the coal wastes. The microbe can shorten the desulphurization periods. The sulphate concentration was enhanced after leaching 4 times. The desulphurization rate can reach 67.6% and its desulphurization distribution rate is 11% after leaching 15 times. EC and pH values were measured in the coal wastes after desulphurization. pH value was increased and EC decreased significantly in the coal wastes medium. That will make the coal wastes more stable in their properties, which may contribute to the ecological restoration with respect to the coal wastes and promote environmental sustainable development in the coal mine areas.

Keywords   coal mining waste; thiobacillus thiooxidans; pole leaching desulphurization; ecological restoration

59  Graphlike Manifolds with Contraction W8 and W9

LU Jianli, WANG Jun

Abstract   Consider an undirected simple connected graph, in which each vertex is replaced by a manifold (a pipe) and each edge is replaced by the Cartesian product of this manifold (a circlar section). The topological space obtained in this way is called a graphlike manifold. The undirected simple graph is called the contraction of graphlike manifolds correspondingly. If the circlar sections of graphlike manifolds have different maps, we will have different graphlike manifolds. There are infinite graphlike manifolds, and the number of homeomorphic classes is also hard to count, nearly infinity. The problem of counting the numbers of homeomorphics classes of graphlike manifolds, and give each homeomorphics classes a representive graphlike manifold, is just the case for the topological classification of graphlike manifolds. This paper discusses the topological classification of graphlike manifolds with the contraction of Wn and the number of homeomorphic classes of graphlike manifolds of Wn. A representative system is formed by all non-isomorphic colorings, and the necessary cases are counted. According to the graph colouring theory and twist operation, the homeomorphic classes of grapglike manifolds W8 and W9 are found to be 18 and 30, respectively.

Keywords   graphlike manifold; n-simplex; 1-skeleton; homeomorphic classification

63  Min-max Distance Response Surface and Kreisselmerier-Steinhauser Function

YU Huiping, SUI Yunkang, DING Li, YE Hongling

Abstract   The current Response Surface Methodology(RSM) is based on the least squares method. This paper proposes a new response surface fitting method, which let the maximum distance among the response hypersurface function and sample values be minimized. In this method, a mathematical model is built based on the characteristics of Kreisselmerier-Steinhauser function. The coefficients of the response hyper-surface function can be determined by taking derivatives, carrying out Taylor expansions and numerical iterations. The result of the least squares method is used as the initial value in the process of numerical iteration. According to a series of calculated cases, three conclusions are reached. First, the response hyper-surface function obtained from the Kreisselmerier-Steinhauser function method satisfies the condition of minimizing the maximum distance. Second, compared with the counterpart obtained from the least squares method, the response hyper-surface function obtained from this method could noticeably reduce the maximum distance in case that the RMS of sample values increases in a small scale. Third, the adoption of a method of changing stretching factor could lead to a better solution. The method proposed in this paper not only provides a response surface method but also can ensure the maximum distance among the response hyper-surface function and sample values minimized in practical engineering problems.

Keywords  Response Surface Methodology; maximum value minimum; Kreisselmerier-Steinhauser function; Least Square Method

69  An Anisotropic Diffusion Algorithm for Denoising for Remote Sensing Image

DUAN Jiabo, ZHANG Hairong, WANG Dong

Abstract   Noise reduction is an important research topic for the remote sensing image processing, and the commonly used noise reduction methods usually cause a loss of the details. In order to effectively reduce the noise and keep the edge information intact at the same time, a new anisotropic diffusion algorithm based on the information measure and the edge membership is proposed. As the local feature of remote sensing image which has anisotropic diffusion in the heterogeneous area and isotropic diffusion in the homogeneous area, the core content of this algorithm is to divide the remote sensing image into two areas, the edge area and the non-edge area. While the conventional Perona-Malik diffusion equation is used into the non-edge area to filter the noise, and the nonlinear diffusion equation based on the information measure is used into the edge area to filter the noise and enhance the edge and details. The final results show that this algorithm's Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Maximum Absolute Error (MAE) and radiometric resolution are better than the traditional algorithms. Experimental results also prove that the algorithm can greatly enhance the equivalent number of looks of the remote sensing image and effectively inhibit the coherent noise of the remote sensing image. So this algorithm has practicality and potential application value.

Keywords   image noise inhibition; anisotropic diffusion; information measure; edge membership; radiometric resolution

74  Application of Artificial Fish-swarm Neural Network in Coiling Temperature Forecasting of Hot Rolled Strip

GUO Qiang, ZHANG Chao, MO Tiansheng

Abstract   The coiling temperature forecasting, as a non-linear optimal problem,  is very important to the performance of hot rolled strip products. Based on the individual local searching, the Artificial Fish-swarm Algorithm(AFSA) is a new optimal strategy, with good capability to avoid the local extremum and obtain the global extremum. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network(ANN) based the forecasting model of AFSA is proposed, with the weights being trained by AFSA, and the neural network of AFSA being applied to coiling temperature forecasting. Applying the forecasting method to a certain actual hot rolled strip, it is shown that comparing with the traditional BP neural network forecasting method, the presented forecasting method has better adaptive ability and can give better forecasting results. The artificial fish-swarm algorithm network is trained and checked with the actual production data. The result indicates that the method can predict the strip coiling temperature in real-time.

Keywords   artificial fish-school algorithm; neural network; hot rolled strip; coiling temperature

78  Application of Mix-phase Deconvolution in Seismic Data Processing

YI Zhenlin, WANG Runqiu, SONG Changzhou,

LI Qing,HUI Wangxiu, SU Xiangguang

Abstract   Mixed-phase deconvolution is proposed to process the seismic data,, with a new flowchart of the mix-phase deconvolution, based on the fact that the seismic wavelet is a mix-phase wavelet. Firstly, the amplitude spectrum of the seismic .wavelet is fitted by least squares method according to the relationship between the autocorrelation of the seismic records and the autocorrelation of the seismic wavelet, and then the autocorrelation of the seismic wavelet is computed anew. Secondly, a minimum phase filter is designed by using computed autocorrelation of the seismic wavelet, a delay is added to the dominant diagonal of the autocorrelation function, a minimum phase filter is decomposed into a short filter and is convoluted with a longer filter, resulting in a series of mixed phase wavelets and a mixed phase filter. Finally, the resulted mixed phase filter is convoluted with raw seismic traces, and an optimal mixed phase filter and an associated mixed phase wavelet are selected. The model test and the real data processing show that the mixed phase deconvolution is better than the minimum phase deconvolution.

Keywords   mixed-phase wavelet; deconvolution; filter

82  NPP Spatial Distribution of Forest Ecosystem Based on SPA Model

WANG Shaogang, LIU Zhiwen

Abstract   The forest ecosystem Net Primary Productivity(NPP) is the driving force for the forest ecosystem carbon cycle and an important component in the terrestrial forest ecosystems carbon cycle, because it represents the capacity of the forest ecosystem to fix CO2 in the atmosphere. NPP plays a significant role in assessing whether the concentration of CO2 can be reduced in the atmosphere and the biosphere can be protected against global warming or not. Based on the British Edinburgh University's forest ecosystem carbon cycle SPA(Soil-Plant-Atmosphere) model, and using the remote sensing data as a major source of the data to expand the model from a patch model to a region model, this paper presents a new forest ecosystem carbon cycle dynamic process RSPA(Region Soil-Plant-Atmosphere) model, with the aid of the data parallel computing and the cluster technology as a solution to the excessively long computing time due to the model expansion. This model is used to simulate and verify the NPP of the forest ecosystem in Youxi County, Sanming City, Fujian Province in 2007. The results show clearly the NPP seasonal spatial distribution variation of Youxi County forest ecosystem in 2007. Its forest cover plants grow during the exuberant season from June to September, where the NPP provides the growth peak value, but other months' NPP values are relatively small. With respect to the forest cover plant solid carbon ability, we have: the broad-leaved forest>bamboo>Chinese fir>pine forest.

Keywords   forest ecosystem; carbon cycle; soil-plant-atmosphere model; carbon budget

90  Development of Emulation Software for Underground 3D Geophysical Metal Targets

HOU Weina, LIU Xiangmei, SHAO Jianxing,

JIANG Ze, GAO Wenli

Abstract   Based on the underground EM wave method, the electromagnetic scattering emulation software for 3D metal target in a lossy medium is developed with the methodology of modularization and the paradigm of object-oriented design. Firstly, the numerical method of the simulation software is as follows. (1) Hallen integral equation is solved to analyze the antenna's currents; (2) based on the Electric Field Integral Equation(EFIE), the surface currents of the metal target is calculated, to obtain the scattering field and the total field. The basic structure and functions of the software are as follows. It is composed of control module, project management module, input module, analysis and calculation modules. The specific design and implementation of the software are described in this paper by modules. The new algorithm is verified by a simulating instance. It is shown that the emulation results agree well with the experiment results, which indicates the reliability and the validity of the software. The software can be used for analysis of scattering characteristics of underground targets and the different objects detection in geophysical exploration in the deep underground medium.

Keywords   underground EM wave method; electromagnetic scattering; Hallen integral equation; electric field integral equation

94  An Analysis of Driver's Behavior Under Emergency Conditions

CUI Yongwei, YAN Min, SONG Tianjia, WANG Limian

Abstract   The safety of vehicles is related not only to the stability of vehicles but also to the driver's behavior in case of emergency. A field test lasted 12 months about driver's braking characteristics was carried out for 50 taxis in the urban areas of Beijing using Video Drive Recorders  (VDR). The VDR installed in the taxis could record the vehicle's front view, vehicle's states, as well as driver's operations immediately before and after an event. During the test, drivers were given no specific instructions. Instrumentation for data collection did not in any way interfere with driver's operation. Based on recorded data, an analysis into behavior characteristics was performed. According to the emergency cases during the test period, drivers are classified into three categories: Conflict-Prone Drivers (CPD), Conflict-Ordinary Drivers (COD) and Conflict-Seldom Drivers(CSD). Important safety-relevant parameters, such as vehicle speed, pre-event maneuver, time headway, time-to-collision, and driver reaction time, were calculated. Behavior characteristics of different types of drivers were compared. Results show that both the CPD and CSD follow too close to the leading vehicle, which can be regarded as a cause of accident. And there is no significant difference between the CPD and other drivers in sensitivity of risk, reaction time and the brake operation speed under emergency conditions. On the other hand, CPD mostly adopts an excesive deceleration due to the slowness in applying hard braking, which demonstrates the conflict-prone drivers are more aggressive. The results of the analysis could provide a guidance to the development of rear-end accident countermeasures and active safety technologies.

Keywords   emergency condition; driver; video drive recorder; behavior characteristic

98  Determination Two Key Dissolution Coefficients in Calculation of CO2 Storage Capacity

CHEN Yanfang, LIAO Xinwei, ZHAO Hongjun,ZHAO Xiaoliang

Abstract   CO2 sequestration in the reservoir is an important way to reduce the CO2 emission. Many studies at home and abroad are concerned with the CO2 storage capacity and its calculation has a practical significance for China's CO2 emission reduction targets. The correction formula for CO2 storage and the determination of the dissolution coefficients in the formula are analyzed in this paper. The capacity of CO2 storage is mostly in the form of dissolved CO2, which should be carefully considered, and the calculation of this part of the capacity of CO2 storage is closely related to two parameters, that is, the dissolution coefficients Cws and Cos. The solubility calculation models developed by Zhenhao Duan and Haitao Xue were improved to obtain the dissolution coefficient Cws and Cos. Then, the dissolution coefficients were applied to a revised method of calculating the CO2 storage capacity under different conditions of oil reservoirs. The determination of CO2 dissolution coefficients Cws and Cos leads to a more accurate calculation of the CO2 storage capacity in oil reservoirs. Finally, the theoretical and effective CO2 storage capacity in a domestic Oilfield are compared with the evaluation results obtained by the analogy. The result shows that the calculation method is reliable.

Keywords   CO2 storage; theoretical storage capacity; effective storage capacity; dissolution coefficient; storage potential

Reviews

102  Wavelet Transform Used in Image Denoising

AI Zetan, SHI Gengchen

107  The Modeling of Visual Selective Attention and Its Applications

LIU Qiong, QIN Shiyin, LI Zhicheng

116  Notes on Reviews in Chinese Science Abstracts

Focus

118  Thinking about UncertaintyZHANG Xing

Commentaries

117  Comments on Academic Paper in Our Journal

120  Talk on Methodology InnovationGUAN Yuancheng

121  Bell Tower at CampusJIA Wei

123  Books Appraisal

124  Readers' Voices

ZUO Zhengwei, WANG Baoshan, GAO Zhen

Editor-in-chief's Thoughts

125  How Do Young Scientists Achieve Success (29): Academic Paper (VII)

FENG Changgen

To the Workplace

126  A Brief Introduction to International Science and Technology Cooperative Project

ZHANG Yan, LIAO Rikun, YANG Lingchun, ZHOU Hui

127  Why do Loaches Living?REN Zhanzhong

128  Career

133  Global Jobs

Special Columns

1   New Year Message

8    Sci-Tech News Ranking for the Second Half of Decemeber

10   Voice of Scientific Community

12   Scientific Community Briefs

14   Journal Highlights

16   Half-month S & T News Briefs

125  Introduction to Scientific Community

138  Digest of Chinese Newspapers and Journals

139  Intellectual Games

140  Guidance for Contributors to S&T Review